Antibody Drug Conjugates Having Derivatives of Amatoxin As The Drug

ABSTRACT

There is disclosed derivatives of amanitin conjugated to a targeting antibody to form an ADC (antibody drug conjugate).

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/609,858, filed May 31, 2017, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/343,825, filed May 31, 2016, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure provides derivatives of amanitin conjugated to a targeting antibody to form an ADC (antibody drug conjugate).

BACKGROUND

The amatoxins are rigid bicyclic peptides having eight amino acid units. These compounds are isolated from a variety of mushroom species (e.g., Amanita phalloides (also known as green death cap mushroom), Galerina marginata, Lepiota brunneo-incamata) or are prepared synthetically. Different mushroom species contain varying amounts of different Amatoxin family members. A member of this family, alpha-amanitin, is known to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (EC2.7.7.6) and to a lesser degree, RNA polymerase III, thereby inhibiting transcription and protein biosynthesis. Wieland (1983) Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 22(3):257-276. Alpha-amanitin binds non-covalently to RNA polymerase II and dissociates slowly, making enzyme recovery unlikely. Prolonged inhibition of transcription is thought to induce cellular apoptosis.

Exemplary amatoxins include

The use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for the local delivery of cytotoxic or cytostatic agents, including drugs that kill or inhibit tumor cells, allows targeted delivery of the drug moiety to tumors, and intracellular accumulation therein. Syrigos and Epenetos (1999) Anticancer Res. 19:605-614; Niculescu-Duvaz and Springer (1997) Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 26:151-172; U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,278; Baldwin et al. (1986) Lancet (Mar. 15, 1986):603-05; Thorpe (1985) “Antibody Carriers of Cytotoxic Agents in Cancer Therapy: A Review,” in Monoclonal Antibodies '84: Biological and Clinical Applications, A. Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp. 475-506. This type of delivery mechanism helps to minimize toxicity to normal cells that may occur from systemic administration of unconjugated drug agents. The toxins may cause their cytotoxic and cytostatic effects through a variety of mechanisms including tubulin binding, DNA binding, or topoisomerase inhibition. Both polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies have been reported as useful in these strategies. Rowland et al. (1986) Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 21:183-87. Toxins used in antibody-toxin conjugates include radioisotopes, bacterial toxins such as diphtheria toxin, plant toxins such as ricin, fungal toxins such as amatoxins (WO2010/115629, WO2012/041504 or WO2012/119787), and small molecule toxins such as geldanamycin (Mandler et al. (2000) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92(19):1573-1581; Mandler et al. (2000) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 10:1025-1028; Mandler et al. (2002) Bioconjugate Chem. 13:786-791), maytansinoids (EP 1391213; Liu et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8618-8623), calicheamicin (Lode et al. (1998) Cancer Res. 58:2928; Hinman et al. (1993) Cancer Res. 53:3336-3342), daunomycin, doxorubicin, methotrexate, and vindesine (Rowland et al. (1986), supra).

Several antibody-drug conjugates have shown promising results against cancer in clinical trials, including ZEVALIN® (ibritumomab tiuxetan, Biogen/Idec), an antibody-radioisotope conjugate composed of a murine IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody (directed against the CD20 antigen found on the surface of normal and malignant B lymphocytes) connected with an 111In or 90Y radioisotope via a thiourea linker-chelator.

The use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for the local delivery of cytotoxic or cytostatic agents, including drugs that kill or inhibit tumor cells, allows targeted delivery of the drug moiety to tumors, and intracellular accumulation therein. This type of delivery mechanism helps to minimize toxicity to normal cells that may occur from systemic administration of unconjugated drug agents. The toxins may cause their cytotoxic and cytostatic effects through a variety of mechanisms including tubulin binding.

As such, there remains a need for potent RNA polymerase inhibitor antibody conjugates with desirable pharmaceutical properties.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides improved amatoxin derivatives used in an ADC (antibody drug conjugate) structure. More specifically, the present disclosure provides an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) having the structure of Formula I

Ab

L¹-L²-X-D)_(n)   (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   Ab is a monoclonal antibody;     -   L¹-L² is a linker selected from the group consisting of

whereby the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to Ab;

L²-X is a linker having structure of

wherein R₄ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, or the combination thereof, and

m is an integer from 1-24;

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to D

D is a drug moiety active agent derived from amatoxin and selected from the group consisting of alpha-amanitin, beta-amanitin, gamma-amanitin, and epsilon-amanitin having the structure below:

Name R1 R3 alpha-amanitin NH₂ OH beta-amanitin OH OH gamma-amanitin NH₂ H epsilon-amanitin OH H

n is an integer from 1-10;

L² is a linker selected from the group consisting of an amino acid, peptide consisting of up to 10 amino acids, —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, PAB (p-aminobenzyl), Val-Cit-PAB, Val-Ala-PAB, Ala-Ala-Asn-PAB, —R₆OC(O)NR₅—, —R₈—S—S—R₇, and combinations thereof,

wherein R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, and combinations thereof;

R₆ is selected from the group consisting of an amino acid, peptide consisting of up to 10 aminoacids, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, PAB, Val-Cit-PAB, Val-Ala-PAB, Ala-Ala-Asn-PAB, and combinations thereof;

R₇ is C₂₋₆ alkylene, or —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—;

R₈ is selected from the group consisting of an amino acid, peptide consisting of up to 10 aminoacids, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene, substituted C₁₋₆ alkylene, —C(O)NH—, —C(O)—NH—CHR₉—CR₁₀R₁₁—, —NHC(O)—CHR₉—CR₁₀R₁₁—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, PAB, Val-Cit-PAB, Val-Ala-PAB, Ala-Ala-Asn-PAB, and combinations thereof;

wherein R₉ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)NH—(CH₂)p-SO₃H, C(O)NH—(CH₂)p-CO₂H, —NHC(O)—(CH₂)p-SO₃H, —NHC(O)—(CH₂)p-CO₂H and combinations thereof;

R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and combinations thereof;

wherein —R₆OC(O)NR₅— is connected to L¹ through R₅ or R₆;

wherein —R₈—S—S—R₇— is connected to L¹ through R₈;

m is an integer from 1-24; and

p is an integer from 1-6.

In another aspect, L² in the compounds having the structure of Formula I is a linker selected from the group consisting of an amino acid, peptide consisting of up to 10 amino acids, —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, PAB (p-aminobenzyl), -Val-Cit-PAB-, -Val-Ala-PAB-, -Ala-Ala-Asn-PAB-, —R₆OC(O)NR₅—, —R₈—S—S—R₇, and combinations thereof,

wherein R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, and combinations thereof;

R₆ is selected from the group consisting of an amino acid, peptide consisting of up to 10 aminoacids, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, PAB, -Val-Cit-PAB-, -Val-Ala-PAB-, -Ala-Ala-Asn-PAB-, and combinations thereof;

R₇ is C₂₋₆ alkylene, or —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—;

R₈ is selected from the group consisting of an amino acid, peptide consisting of up to 10 aminoacids, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene, substituted C₁₋₆ alkylene, —C(O)NH—, —C(O)—NH—CHR₉—CR₁₀R₁₁—, —NHC(O)—CHR₉—CR₁₀R₁₁—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, PAB, -Val-Cit-PAB-, -Val-Ala-PAB-, -Ala-Ala-Asn-PAB-, and combinations thereof;

wherein R₉ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)NH—(CH₂)p-SO₃H, C(O)NH—(CH₂)p-CO₂H, —NHC(O)—(CH₂)p-SO₃H, —NHC(O)—(CH₂)p-CO₂H and combinations thereof;

R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and combinations thereof;

wherein —R₆OC(O)NR₅— is connected to L¹ through R₅ or R₆;

wherein —R₈—S—S—R₇— is connected to L¹ through R₈;

m is an integer from 1-24; and

p is an integer from 1-6, wherein the remaining values are as described above for Formula I.

In yet another aspect, L² in the compounds having the structure of Formula I is a linker selected from the group consisting of an amino acid, peptide consisting of up to 10 amino acids, —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NH(4-phenyl)CH₂O—, -Val-Cit-NH(4-phenyl)CH₂O—, -Val-Ala-NH(4-phenyl)CH₂O—, -Ala-Ala-Asn-NH(4-phenyl)CH₂O—, —R₆OC(O)NR₅—, —R₈—S—S—R₇—, and combinations thereof,

wherein R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, and combinations thereof;

R₆ is selected from the group consisting of an amino acid, peptide consisting of up to 10 amino acids, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NH(4-phenyl)CH₂—, -Val-Cit-NH(4-phenyl)CH₂—, -Val-Ala-NH(4-phenyl)CH₂—, -Ala-Ala-Asn-NH(4-phenyl)CH₂—, and combinations thereof;

R₇ is C₂₋₆ alkylene, or —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—;

R₈ is selected from the group consisting of an amino acid, peptide consisting of up to 10 amino acids, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene, substituted C₁₋₆ alkylene, —C(O)—NH—CHR₉—CR₁₀R₁₁—, —NHC(O)—CHR₉—CR₁₀R₁₁—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —PAB—, -Val-Cit-NH(4-phenyl)CH₂—, -Val-Ala-NH(4-phenyl)CH₂—, -Ala-Ala-Asn-NH(4-phenyl)CH₂—, and combinations thereof;

wherein R₉ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)NH—(CH₂)p-SO₃H, —C(O)NH—(CH₂)p-CO₂H, —NHC(O)—(CH₂)p-SO₃H, —NHC(O)—(CH₂)p-CO₂H and combinations thereof;

R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and combinations thereof;

wherein —R₆OC(O)NR₅— is connected to L¹ through R₆;

wherein —R₈—S—S—R₇— is connected to L¹ through R₈;

m is an integer from 1-24; and

p is an integer from 1-6, wherein the remaining values are as described above for Formula I.

Preferably, D has a structure of Formula II:

whereby the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to X; wherein R₁ is NH₂ or OR₂, wherein R₂ is H, or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and wherein R₃ is H or OH.

Preferably, the disclosed ADC is selected from the group consisting of:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a comparison of in vitro cytotoxicity of ADC A (22) and ADC B on four cell lines, one cell line in each of the four panels of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 shows in vitro cytotoxity of ADC24 (see Table 2).

FIG. 3 shows in vitro cytotoxicity of ADC 22 (see Table 2) on various cell lines.

FIG. 4 shows in vitro cytotoxicity of ADC 26 on various cell lines.

FIG. 5 shows in vitro cytotoxicity of ADC 27 on various cell lines.

FIG. 6 shows in vitro cytotoxicity of ADC 25 on various cell lines.

FIG. 7 shows in vitro cytotoxicity of ADC 29 on various cell lines.

FIG. 8 shows efficacy of cMet/EGFR-22, cMet-22 and Nimo-22 in H292 xenograft: cMet/EGFR-22 and Nimo-22 significantly inhibited H292 tumor growth compared to PBS control group.

FIG. 9 shows a tumor size comparison for compound 29. cMet/EFFR-22 and Nimo-22 significantly reduced tumor size/Weight compared to PBS Control group. Nimo-22 had some complete tumor regression (4 out of 7 mice was tumor free).

FIG. 10 shows no significant cMet/EGFR-22, cMet-22, Nimo-22 treatment-related body weight loss was observed.

FIG. 11 shows cMet/EGFR-23, cMet-23 and Nimo-23 treated groups showed significantly reduced tumor volume compared to PBS Control group.

FIG. 12 shows cMet/EGFR-23, cMet-23 and Nimo-23 treated groups showed significantly reduced tumor weight compared to PBS Control group.

FIG. 13 shows that no body weight loss was observed in cMet-23, cMet/EGFR-23, and Nimo-23 treated group.

FIG. 14 shows that a single dose of cMet/EGFR-25 at 3 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg had no significant tumor growth inhibition in H1975 xenograft.

FIG. 15 shows that a single dose of cMet/EGFR-27 at 3 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg, or a single dose of cMet-27 had no significant tumor growth inhibition in HCC827 xenograft.

FIG. 16 shows that no significant body weight loss was observed with a single dose of cMet/EGFR-ADC27 at 3 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg, or a single dose of cMet-ADC27 at 0.3 mg/kg during the study.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

TABLE 1 Examples of compounds synthesized (“Ab” stands for antibody). Compound # Structure  6

 8

10

14

17

21

28

TABLE 2 Examples of antibody drug conjugates of Formula I Compound # Structure 22

23

24

25

26

27

29

Definitions

As used herein, common organic abbreviations are defined as follows:

Ac Acetyl

aq. Aqueous BOC or Boc tert-Butoxycarbonyl Bu n-Butyl ° C. Temperature in degrees Centigrade

Cit Citrulline

DCM methylene chloride

DEPC Diethylcyanophosphonate

DIC diisopropylcarbodiimide

DIEA Diisopropylethylamine DMA N,N-Dimethylacetamide DMF N,N-Dimethylformamide DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide

EDC 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide

Et Ethyl

EtOAc Ethyl acetate

Eq Equivalents Fmoc 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl g Gram(s)

h Hour (hours) HATU 2-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uronium hexafluorophosphate

HOBT N-Hydroxybenzotriazole HOSu N-Hydroxysuccinimide

HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography LC/MS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Me Methyl MeOH Methanol MeCN Acetonitrile mL Milliliter(s)

MS mass spectrometry PAB p-aminobenzyl RP-HPLC reverse phase HPLC rt room temperature t-Bu tert-Butyl

TEA Triethylamine

Tert, t tertiary TFA Trifluoracetic acid

THF Tetrahydrofuran

TLC Thin-layer chromatography

μL Microliter(s)

Where used, a hyphen (-) designates the point to which a group is attached to the defined variable. A hyphen on the left side indicates connectivity to the left side structural component of formula (I) and hyphen on the right side indicates connectivity to the right side structural component of formula (I). For example, unless other specified when L₂ is defined as —(CH₂CH₂)_(m)—, it means that the attachment to L¹ is at the —CH₂ carbon and the attachment to X is at the oxygen atom.

General Synthesis Procedure.

Formation of an activated ester (e.g. NHS) from an acid An acid was dissolved in DCM (methylene chloride) and DMF (N,N′ dimethyl formamide) was added to aid dissolution if necessary. N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.5 eq) was added, followed by EDC.HCl (1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide) (1.5 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h until most of the acid was consumed. The progress of the reaction was monitored by RP-HPLC. The mixture was then diluted with DCM and washed successively with citric acid (aq. 10%) and brine. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to dryness. The crude product was optionally purified by RP-HPLC or silica gel column chromatography.

Example 1 Preparation of Compound 6

To a solution of alpha-amainitin 1 (46 mg, 50 μmol) in anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (1 mL) was added bis (4-nitrophenol) carbonate (17 mg, 55 mol), followed by diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 10 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Compound 3 (12 mg) was added, followed by DIEA (10 μL). LC/MS indicated all the compound 2 was consumed after 1 h. All the solvents were removed under reduced the pressure and the residue was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in dichloromethane (DCM) (20%, v/v, 2 mL). The reaction mixture was concentrated after 30 min and the residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC to give compound 4 as a white solid in TFA salt form after lyophilization (45 mg, 78%). MS: m/z 1033.4 (M+H⁺).

Compound 4 (45 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF, 1 mL) and 9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-valyl-citrullyl-(4-aminobenzyl)-(4-nitrophenyl)carbonate (Fmoc-Val-Cit-PAB-PNP, 38 mg) was added, followed by DIEA (20 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. LC/MS analysis indicated the completion of reaction. Piperidine (50 μL) was added and after 2 h, the reaction mixture was neutralized by addition of acetic acid (200 μL). The crude mixture was purified directly by reverse phase HPLC to give compound 5 as a white solid in TFA salt form after lyophilization (48 mg, 80%). MS: m/z 1438.7 (M+H⁺).

To a stirred solution of compound 5 (16 mg, 10 μmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added N-c-Maleimidocaproyl oxysuccinimide ester (4 mg), followed by DIEA (4 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The crude reaction mixture was injected to a Prep HPLC column for purification. Compound 6 was obtained a white solid after lyophilization. (12 mg). MS: m/z 1631.8 (M+H⁺).

Example 2 Preparation of Compound 8

To a stirred solution of compound 5 (16 mg, 10 μmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added acid 7 (6 mg), followed by diisopropylcarbodiimide (5 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The crude reaction mixture was injected to a Prep HPLC column for purification. Compound 8 was obtained a white solid after lyophilization. (8 mg). MS: m/z 1761.8 (M+H⁺).

Example 3 Preparation of Compound 10

To a stirred solution of compound 2 (30 μmol) in DMSO (1 mL) was added amine 9 (40 mg), followed by DIEA (15 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The crude reaction mixture was injected to a Prep HPLC column for purification. Compound 10 was obtained a white solid after lyophilization. (32 mg). MS: m/z 2046.2 (M+H⁺).

Compound 10 was converted to the corresponding activated ester following a general procedure prior to conjugating to an antibody.

Example 4 Preparation of Compound 14

To a stirred solution of compound 2 (50 μmol) in DMSO (1 mL) was added amine 11 (65 mg) in DMF (1 mL), followed by DIEA (20 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Piperidine (100 μL) was added. After 30 mins, the mixture was purified directly by reverse phase HPLC to give compound 12 in TFA salt form as a white solid (54 mg). MS: m/z 1862.1 (M+H⁺).

Compound 12 (20 mg) was dissolved in DMF (1 mL). Anhydride 13 (11 mg) was added, followed by DIEA (5 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes and purified by reverse phase HPLC to give compound 14 as a white solid after lyophilization (19 mg). MS: m/z 2203.9 (M+H⁺).

Example 5 Preparation of Compound 17

To a stirred solution of compound 2 (50 μmol) in DMSO (1 mL) was added amine 15 (65 mg) in DMF (1 mL), followed by DIEA (20 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Piperidine (100 μL) was added. After 30 mins, the mixture was purified directly by reverse phase HPLC to give compound 16 in TFA salt form as a white solid (49 mg). MS: m/z 1862.3 (M+H⁺).

Compound 16 (20 mg) was dissolved in DMF (1 mL). Anhydride 13 (11 mg) was added, followed by DIEA (5 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes and purified by reverse phase HPLC to give compound 17 as a white solid after lyophilization (20 mg). MS: m/z 2204.1 (M+H⁺).

Example 6 Preparation of Compound 21

To a stirred solution of compound 2 (50 μmol) in DMSO (1 mL) was added amine 15 (25 mg) in DMF (1 mL), followed by DIEA (20 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 20% TFA/DCM (2 mL). After 30 mins, the mixture was purified directly by reverse phase HPLC to give compound 19 as a white solid (31 mg). MS: m/z 1309.5 (M+NH₄ ⁺).

To a stirred solution of compound 19 (25 mg, 20 μmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added acid 20 (16 mg), followed by diisopropylcarbodiimide (8 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The crude reaction mixture was injected to a Prep HPLC column for purification. Compound 21 was obtained a white solid after lyophilization. (12 mg). MS: m/z 1791.4 (M+H⁺).

Example 7 Preparation of Compound 28

To a stirred solution of compound 2 (50 μmol) in DMSO (1 mL) was added amine 30 (46 mg, 50 μmol) in DMF (1 mL), followed by DIEA (20 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Piperidine (100 μL) was added. After 30 mins, the mixture was purified directly by reverse phase HPLC to give compound 31 in TFA salt form as a white solid (25 mg). MS: m/z 1640.5 (M+H⁺).

Compound 31 (20 mg, 11.4 μmol) was dissolved in DMF (1 mL). Anhydride 13 (8 mg) was added, followed by DIEA (5 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes and purified by reverse phase HPLC to give compound 28 as a white solid after lyophilization (16 mg). MS: m/z 1981.9 (M+H⁺).

Example 8

This example provides a comparative study, comparing two different amatinin conjugates shown as “A” and “B” below.

Amanitin Antibody Conjugate Structure A (ADC 22)

Amanitin Antibody Conjugate Structure B

A comparative study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of amanitin antibody conjugate structure A wherein alpha-amaintin was attached to the linker via a cleavable carbamate bond (reported in this disclosure) and amanitin antibody conjugate structure B wherein alpha amanitin was attached through a non-cleavable ether bond (reported in WO2012/041504) in various in vitro cell killing assays (FIG. 1 four panels for four different cell lines. ADC A completely outperformed ADC B in all 4 Her-2 positive cell lines tested.

Example 9

This example provides the results of EC50 assays (nM) of the designated drug conjugated antibodies measured in vitro in specified cells. The antibody used was an anti-HER2 IgG class of antibody. Seven breast cancer cell lines with various level of Her2 expression as indicated with plus or minus signs in the table below were plated in 96 well plate. The ADCs were serial diluted and added onto cells for treatment for 5 days. At the end of the study, cell proliferation was measured by Promega's CellTitreGlo. EC50 (in nM) was determined as the concentration of 50% cell growth inhibition. The selection criteria for a successful compound included high efficacy, such as killing cell lines with high expression of the target receptor, with EC50 less than 3 nM. Also, the successful candidate should have low toxicity and good therapeutic window, as determined by relatively low killing of the control cell line (MDA468) with low expression of the target receptor. Both ADCs 22 (FIG. 3) and 24 (FIG. 2) were selected as successful candidates with high efficacy and good therapeutic window.

Example 10

This example provides the results of EC50 assays (nM) of designated ADCs described herein measured in vitro in specified cells. The antibody used targets a receptor tyrosine kinase on cell surface. Eight cancer cell lines with various level of receptor expression, as indicated with plus or minus signs in the table below, were plated in 96 well plate. The ADCs were serial diluted and added onto cells for treatment for 5 days. At the end of the study, cell proliferation was measured by Promega's CellTitreGlo. EC50 (in nM) was shown below and determined as the concentration of 50% cell growth inhibition. The selection criteria for a successful compound includes high efficacy, such as killing cell lines with high expression of the target receptor, with EC50 less than 3 nM. Also, the successful candidate should have low toxicity and good therapeutic window, as determined by relatively low killing of the control cell lines (T-47D) with low expression of the target receptor. ADC 25 (FIG. 6) shows good cell killing efficacy in cell lines H1993, HCC827, SNU-5, and H292, but did not show efficacy in Hs746T, EBC-1 and U 87. It showed good therapeutic window since it did not kill the negative control cell line T-47 D. ADC 26 (FIG. 4) shows good cell killing activity in H1993 and SNu-5. However, it is not active in the other 6 cell lines. ADC 27 (FIG. 5) shows excellent cell killing activity in H1993 (EC50=11 pM) and SNu-5 (EC50=75 pM). It also shows good efficacy in Hs746T (EC 50=0.4 nM). ADC 29 (FIG. 7) shows good cell killing efficacy in cell lines Hs746T, but did not show efficacy in EBC-1, U87, HCC827, H1993 and T-47.

Example 11

This example provides the results for the efficacy of ADCs conjugated with small molecule 22, 23, 25, or 27 in a model of H292, HCC827, and H1975 Human Xenograft Tumor Growth in Nude Mice. HCC827, H292, H1975 cell lines were obtained from ATCC. The cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 1× (Corning 10-041-CV) medium with 10% FBS (Seradigm 1500-500) and penicillin streptomycin (Corning 30-002-CI) at 37° C. in a 5% carbon dioxide humidified environment. Cells were cultured for a period of 2 weeks and passaged 4 times before harvest. The cells were harvested with 0.25% trypsin (Corning 25-050-CI). Prior to injection, HCC827 cells were mixed in a 1:1 ratio of HBSS (Hank's balanced salt solution; Ward's 470180-784) and matrigel (Corning 354234) mixture, and 7 million cells per 0.2 ml were injected subcutaneously into the upper right flank of each mouse. H292 cells were resuspended in HBSS, and 5 million cells per 0.2 ml were injected subcutaneously into the upper right flank of each mouse. H1975 cells were resuspended in HBSS, and 3 million cells per 0.2 ml were injected subcutaneously into the upper right flank of each mouse.

Female Nu/Nu mice aged 5-7 weeks (Charles River) were used throughout these studies.

Upon receipt, mice were housed 5 mice per cage in a room with a controlled environment. Rodent chow and water was provided ad libitum. Mice were acclimated to laboratory conditions for 72 hours before the start of dosing. The animals' health status was monitored during the acclimation period. Each cage was identified by group number and study number, and mice were identified individually by ear tags.

The study design and dosing regimens are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Animals Treatment Tumor per volume/ Dose/ model Groups Group route Frequency H292 1 7 PBS 200 μl/i.v. 0 mg/kg, single dose 2 7 cMet/EGFR- 200 μl/i.v. 3 mg/kg, 22 single dose 3 7 cMet-22 200 μl/i.v. 3 mg/kg, single dose 4 7 Nimo-22 200 μl/i.v. 3 mg/kg, single dose HCC827 1 7 PBS 200 μl/i.v. 0 mg/kg, single dose 2 7 cMet/EGFR- 200 μl/i.v. 3 mg/kg, 23 single dose 3 7 cMet-23 200 μl/i.v. 3 mg/kg, single dose 4 7 Nimo-23 200 μl/i.v. 3 mg/kg, single dose H1975 1 8 PBS 200 μl/i.v. 0 mg/kg, single dose 2 8 cMet/EGFR- 200 μl/i.v. 1 mg/kg, 25 single dose 3 8 cMet/EGFR- 200 μl/i.v. 3 mg/kg, 25 single dose HCC827 1 8 PBS 200 μl/i.v. 0 mg/kg, single dose 2 8 cMet-27 200 μl/i.v. 0.3 mg/kg, single dose 3 8 cMet/EGFR- 200 μl/i.v. 1 mg/kg, 27 single dose 4 8 cMet/EGFR- 200 μl/i.v. 3 mg/kg, 27 single dose

Tumor growth was monitored by measurement of tumor width and length using a digital caliper starting day 5-7 after inoculation, and followed twice per week until tumor volume reached ˜100-250 mm³. Tumor volume was calculated using the formula: Volume (mm³)=[Length (mm)×Width (mm)²]/2. Once tumors were staged to the desired volume, animals were randomized, and mice with very large or small tumors were culled. Mice were divided into groups with animal numbers per group as indicated in study design. Mice were then treated intravenously (0.2 ml/animal) with either PBS or antibody conjugated with 22, 23, 25, or 27 as dose indicated in study design. Tumor growth was monitored, and each group of mice was sacrificed when the average tumor load for the control group exceeded 2000 mm³.

Tumor volume was measured twice weekly throughout the experimental period to determine TGI (tumor growth inhibition %). The body weight of each mouse was measured twice weekly by electric balance. Group average and standard deviation were calculated, and statistical analyses (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test; GraphPad Prism 6.0) was carried out. All treatment groups were compared with the PBS group. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

A single dose of cMet/EGFR-22 and Nimo-22 treatment at 3 mg/kg significantly inhibited H292 tumor growth when compared to PBS treated control group. While cMet-22 inhibited tumor growth in the first 10 days after treatment, tumor regained growth after 10 days (FIGS. 8 and 9). In this study, a single dose of cMet/EGFR-22 and cMet-22 at 3 mg/kg showed skin rash at 3-6 days after treatment, and dry, flaky skin between day 6 to 14. Those skin issues recovered after day 14. There was no significant treatment-related body weight loss observed during the study. (FIG. 10). Although there was body weight loss during the first week in cMet/EGFR-22 treated group, the weight loss was transient and less than 10% of total body weight. Also, the animals regained weight and was healthier overall compared to PBS treated control group

A single dose of cMet/EGFR-23, cMet-23, or Nimo-23 treatment at 3 mg/kg each significantly inhibited H292 tumor growth when compared to PBS treated control group (FIGS. 11 and 12). No body weight loss was observed in cMet-23, cMet/EGFR-23, and Nimo-23 treated group (3 mg/kg) (FIG. 13).

A single dose of cMet/EGFR-25 at 3 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg had no significant tumor growth inhibition in H1975 xenograft (FIG. 14). A single dose of cMet/EGFR-27 at 3 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg, or a single dose of cMet-27 at 0.3 mg/kg had no significant tumor growth inhibition in HCC827 xenograft (FIG. 15). No significant body weight loss was observed during the study (FIG. 16). 

1-3. (canceled)
 4. A compound having a structure of the following formula: L¹-L²-X-D or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: L¹-L² is a linker selected from

L²-X has a structure of

wherein R₄ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; and the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to D; L² is a linker comprising (a) —R₆OC(O)NR₅—, and (b) —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, or a combination of two or more thereof, wherein: R₅ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, or a combination of two or more thereof; R₆ is Val-Cit-PAB or Ala-Ala-Asn-PAB; wherein —R₆OC(O)NR₅— is connected to L¹ through R₅ or R₆; D is a drug moiety active agent derived from amatoxin having a structure of Formula (II):

wherein R₁ is NH₂ or OR₂; R₂ is H or C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; R₃ is H or OH; and the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to X; m is an integer from 1-24; and p is an integer from 1-6.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein R₄ is C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein R₄ is isopropyl.
 7. The compound of claim 5, wherein R₄ is methyl.
 8. The compound of claim 5, wherein L¹-L² is


9. The compound of claim 5, wherein L² comprises (a) —R₆OC(O)NR₅— and (b) —(CH₂)_(p)—.
 10. The compound of claim 4, wherein R⁶ is Ala-Ala-Asn-PAB.
 11. The compound of claim 4, wherein R⁶ is Val-Cit-PAB.
 12. The compound of claim 4, wherein R₅ is —(CH₂)_(p)—.
 13. The compound of claim 4, wherein R₅ is C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein R₅ is methyl.
 15. The compound of claim 4, wherein D has a structure of Formula (II):

wherein R₁ is NH₂ or OH; R₃ is H or OH; and the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to X.
 16. The compound of claim 4, which is selected from:


17. The compound of claim 16, having the structure:


18. An antibody drug conjugate (ADC) having the structure of Formula (I): Ab

L¹-L²-X-D)_(n)   (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ab is a monoclonal antibody; L¹-L² is a linker selected from

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to Ab; L²-X has a structure of

wherein R₄ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; and the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to D; L² is a linker comprising —R₈—S—S—R₇—, wherein: R₇ is C₂₋₆ alkylene or —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—; R₈ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene, substituted C₁₋₆ alkylene, —C(O)NH—, —C(O)—NH—CHR₉—CR₁₀R₁₁—, —NHC(O)—CHR₉—CR₁₀R₁₁—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, and combinations thereof; R₉ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)NH—(CH₂)_(p)—SO₃H, C(O)NH—(CH₂)_(p)—CO₂H, —NHC(O)—(CH₂)_(p)—SO₃H, —NHC(O)—(CH₂)_(p)—CO₂H, and combinations thereof; R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and combinations thereof; wherein —R₈—S—S—R₇— is connected to L¹ through R₈; D is a drug moiety active agent derived from amatoxin having a structure of Formula (II):

wherein R₁ is NH₂ or OR₂; R₂ is H or C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; R₃ is H or OH; and the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to X; n is an integer from 1-10; m is an integer from 1-24; and p is an integer from 1-6.
 19. The ADC of claim 18, wherein L¹-L² is:


20. The ADC of claim 18, wherein R₄ is C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 21. The ADC of claim 20, wherein R₄ is methyl.
 22. The ADC of claim 18, wherein R₇ is C₂₋₆ alkylene.
 23. The ADC of claim 18, where Ab is an anti-HER2 antibody.
 24. The ADC of claim 18, wherein the ADC is:


25. A compound having the structure of the following formula: L¹-L²-X-D or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: L¹-L² is a linker selected from

L²-X has a structure of

wherein R₄ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; and the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to D; L² is a linker comprising —R₈—S—S—R₇—, wherein: R₇ is C₂₋₆ alkylene or —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—; R₈ is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene, substituted C₁₋₆ alkylene, —C(O)NH—, —C(O)—NH—CHR₉—CR₁₀R₁₁—, —NHC(O)—CHR₉—CR₁₀R₁₁—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, and combinations thereof; R₉ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylene, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)NH—(CH₂)_(p)—SO₃H, C(O)NH—(CH₂)_(p)—CO₂H, —NHC(O)—(CH₂)_(p)—SO₃H, —NHC(O)—(CH₂)_(p)—CO₂H, and combinations thereof; R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and combinations thereof; wherein —R₈—S—S—R₇— is connected to L¹ through R₈; D is a drug moiety active agent derived from amatoxin having a structure of Formula (II):

wherein R₁ is NH₂ or OR₂; R₂ is H or C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; R₃ is H or OH; and the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to X; m is an integer from 1-24; and p is an integer from 1-6.
 26. The compound of claim 25, wherein L¹-L² is:


27. The compound of claim 25, wherein R₄ is C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 28. The compound of claim 27, wherein R₄ is methyl.
 29. The compound of claim 25, wherein R₇ is C₂₋₆ alkylene.
 30. The compound of claim 25, wherein the compound is:


31. A method of treating a cancer in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of the ADC of claim 18 to the individual.
 32. A method of treating a cancer in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) to the individual, wherein the ADC has the structure of Formula (I): Ab

L¹-L²-X-D)_(n)   (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ab is a monoclonal antibody; L¹-L² is a linker selected from

wherein the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to Ab; L²-X has a structure of

wherein R₄ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to D; L² is a linker comprising (a) —R₆OC(O)NR₅—, and (b) —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, —C(O)NH—, —NHC(O)—, or a combination of two or more thereof, wherein: R₅ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(CH₂)_(p)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(m)—, or a combination of two or more thereof; R₆ is Val-Cit-PAB or Ala-Ala-Asn-PAB; wherein —R₆OC(O)NR₅— is connected to L¹ through R₅ or R₆; D is a drug moiety active agent derived from amatoxin having a structure of Formula (II):

wherein R₁ is NH₂ or OR₂, R₂ is H or C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, and R₃ is H or OH; and the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to X; n is an integer from 1-10; m is an integer from 1-24; and p is an integer from 1-6. 